JP1000 Lecture 16

Transitive vs. Intransitive verbs with the same roots

     [Transitive]              [Intransitive]
       ake-ru                   ak-u
       shime-ru                 shimar-u
       tsuke-ru                 tsuk-u
       kes-u                    kie-ru
       kake-ru                  kakar-u
       kik-u                    kikoe-ru
       naos-u                   naor-u
       tate-ru                  tats-u
       mi-ru                    mie-ru
       mage-ru                  magar-u
       tome-ru                  tomar-u

TE-form + iru/aru

       [TE + iru]                  [TE + aru]
        katte iru                   katte aru
        kaette iru                 *kaette aru
        akete iru     aite iru      akete aru       *aite aru

[N.B.]
       [TE + iru]
         momentary action verbs:   resultative aspect (have been ~)
         durative action verbs :   progressive aspect (be ~ ing)

       [TE + aru]
         transitive verbs only
         resultative aspect
         doing something in advance for future use or reference

         (cf.)
         mado o akete iru    'is opening the windows'
         mado ga aite iru    'the windows are open'
         mado ga akete aru   'the windows have been opened' (by someone for a 
                                certain purpose)

        Do not overuse [TE + aru] because the synonymous [TE + oku] is preferred 
        when the meaning of in advance and future use is clear.
         (cf.) mado o akete oku

TE-form + kara: 'since/after'

       Gohan o tabete kara eega o mimashoo.
       Benkyoo-shite  terebi o mimashita.
       (cf.) Benkyoo-shita kara terebi o mimashita. [reason 'because']

Colour words

   Colour words are all nouns.
   aka/ao/shiro/kuro/midori/murasaki/
   ki-iro/cha-iro/momo-iro/hai-iro/orenji-iro/sora-iro/midori-iro/murasaki-iro

       [colour word] + no + [Noun]
        sono kuro no pen
        ano midori no yane
        orenji-iro no seetaa
        ao to aka no boorupen
        Sora-iro no o kudasai.
        Donna iro ga suki desu ka?
        Aka ga suki desu.    

   Some colour words have the corresponding adjectives.
        aka-i/ao-i/shiro-i/kuro-i/kiiro-i/chairo-i
        akai kuruma
        shiroi shatsu
        Aoi no o misete kudasai.
        aoi kao              'pale face'
        kao ga akaku naru.   'blushed'
        kuroi me             'dark eye'

Sentence Particle WA: women's speech {recognition only}

             [Question]                              [Answer]
neutral         men          women          men              women

Iku (no)?     Iku ne?      Iku wa ne?      Un, iku yo.       Ee, iku wa (yo).
Yasui (no)?   Yasui ne?    Yasui wa ne?    Un, yasui yo.     Ee, yasui wa (yo).
Dame (na no)? Dame da ne?  Dame ne?        Un, dame da yo.   Ee, dame yo/da wa.
Hon (na no)?  Hon da ne?   Hon ne?         Un, hon da yo.    Ee, hon yo/da wa.

Counter for 'floor': -kai

   ik-kai/ni-kai/san-gai/yon-kai/go-kai/rok-kai/nana-kai/hachi-kai or hak-kai/
   kyuu-kai/juk-kai/nan-gai

Counter for 'times': -kài

       ......./san-kài/......./nàn-kai

Useful expressions

Temporal

[day]  ototoi        kinoo        kyoo          ashita          asatte

[week] sensen-shuu   sen-shuu     kon-shuu      rai-shuu        sa-rai-shuu 

[month]sensen-getsu  sen-getsu    kon-getsu     rai-getsu       sa-rai-getsu

[year] oto-toshi     kyo-nen      ko-toshi      rai-nen         sa-rainen


SENSEE for 'you'

       Sensee wa dochira ni o-sumai desu ka.
       Sensee mo doozo irasshite kudasai.

MAMA 'as it is'

       Sono mama (de) doozo.
       Kono mama kaerimashoo.

Other:

       heya o katazukeru
       kagi o kakeru
       shokuji no shitaku o suru
       yorokonde ukagau
       ookiku/chiisaku suru