AS/JP2000 6.0 Lecture 24

Abstract noun: YOO

1. S + YOO desu/da/de aru: 'it seems that S'

          Gakusee wa konogoro sukoshi tsukarete iru yoo desu.
          Jiko ga atta yoo desu ne.
          Koko wa kaisha no yoo desu nee.
          ?Ame ga furu yoo desu. [furi-soo desu]

2. S1 YOO ni S2: 'S2 in such a manner/so that S1'

          Watashi ga hanasu yoo ni hanashite kudasai.
          Wasurenai yoo ni kaite okimashoo.
          Kikoeru yoo ni moo sukoshi ooki na koe de hanashite kudasai.

3. S1 YOO ni S2: 'As S1, S2'

          Senjitsu hanashita yoo ni, suto ni natte mo kurasu wa tsuzukemasu.
          Yamashita-san ga osshatta yoo ni, kono shigoto wa jikan ga kakari-soo desu.

4. NP YOO na/ni: 'like'

          Miyazaki-san no yoo na hito
          Nihongo no yoo na gaikokugo
          Kanada no yoo ni ookina kuni
          Anata no yoo ni Nihongo ga joozu na gakusee

5. V1 YOO ni V2: filler

i)   V1 yoo ni iu/tsutaeru/hanasu: Indirect quotation

          Ashita kuru yoo ni itte kudasai.
          Gakusee ni motto benkyoo-suru yoo ni iimashita.
          Sugu denwa o kureru yoo ni tsutaete kudasai.

ii)  V1 yoo ni naru: Change of state

          Nihongo ga sukoshi wakaru yoo ni narimashita.
          Gakusee wa yoku benkyoo-suru yoo ni narimashita.
          Gakusee ga kurasu ni konai yoo ni narimashita nee.

iii) V1 yoo ni suru: Trying

          Kanji o moo sukoshi renshuu-suru yoo ni shite kudasai.
          Kurasu ni okurenai yoo ni shite kudasai.
          Mainichi yoshuu-suru yoo ni shite imasu.

Abstract noun: KOTO

1. S + (to iu) KOTO: '(the fact) that S'

          Nihon ni itta koto ga arimasu ka?
          Kanji wa ikutsu gurai kaku koto ga dekimasu ka?
          Katoo-san ga Yooroppa kara kaetta koto o kikimashita ka?
          Kono kaisha ga tsubureru to iu koto wa hoka no kaisha mo abunai to iu koto
          deshoo.

2. VP + KOTO: 'to VP'

          Nihongo wa hanasu koto wa muzukashiku arimasen ga, yomi-kaki ga taihen desu.
          Mainichi renshuu-suru koto ga taisetsu desu.

3. KOTO: abstract things, 'what', 'fact'

          watashi ga shitte iru koto
          kare ga hanashita koto
          Sonna koto wa arimasen. "That's not true."

S + DAROO: speaker's conjecture [informal version of DESHOO]

          Moo sugu yuki ga furu daroo.
          Kyoo wa konai daroo to omou.
          Ano hito wa amari Nihongo ga dekinai ga, daijoobu daroo.
          Kitto byooki datta n daroo.
          Wakaranai n daroo.

TE-form of negative & ZU-form

1. Neg. + DE: 'without ... ing'

          Asagohan o tabenai de dekakemashita.
          Benkyoo-shinai de shiken o ukemashita.
          Tomodachi ga kiite iru koto o shiranai de hanashite shimaimashita.

2. [roku ni 'properly'] Vneg + ZU NI: 'without ... ing' [older form/emphatic]

          Roku ni gohan mo tabezu ni tobi-dashite ikimashita.
          Yoru mo nezu ni benkyoo-shite imasu.
          Roku ni shigoto mo sezu ni asonde imasu.

3. Vneg+naku-te: used for permission, prohibition, 'even if', etc.

          Ashita wa konakute mo ii desu yo.
          Zenbu oboenakute wa ikemasen.
          Ano hito ga ikanakute mo, watashi wa ikimasu.

Numeral (+Counter) MO

1. Affirmative: 'as many as'

          Nihongo o totte iru gakusee wa hyaku-nin mo imasu.
          Ano hito wa kuruma o san-dai mo motte imasu.
          Kinoo wa go-jikan mo benkyoo-shimashita.

2. Negative: 'not even'

          Kanji wa hitotsu mo oboete imasen.
          Okyaku-san wa hitori mo kimasen deshita.
          Ip-pun mo mata-zu ni basu ga kimashita.

Sequential voicing - rendaku

The initial voiceless consonant of the second element in a compound word 
tends to be voiced.

        jidoosha+kaisha ----> jidoosha-gaisha
        hon+hako        ----> hon-bako
        kono+koro       ----> kono-goro
        oo+toori        ----> oo-doori
        oo+kanemochi    ----> oo-ganemochi
        shin+hashi      ----> shin-bashi
        hito+hito       ----> hito-bito
        kona+kusuri     ----> kona-gusuri