JP2000 Lecture 32

BA CONDITIONAL

1. Form:

  [strong verb] Vst - e+BA yome-ba/kake-ba/hanase-ba/kike-ba/wakare-ba

  [weak verb] Vst - re+BA  tabere-ba/ire-ba/dekire-ba/mire-ba/misere-ba

  [irreg. verb]            sure-ba/kure-ba/are-ba

  [copula: da]             nara(-ba)/de are-ba

  [adjective] Ast - kere+BA
                           oishi-kere-ba/omoshiro-kere-ba/muzukashi-kere-ba/
                           waka-kere-ba/na-kere-ba/ikita-kere-ba

2. Structure:   S1   BA,  S2

3. Usage:
  1) Provisional:
     Hanaseba, wakaru deshoo.
     Ame ga fureba, shiai o enki-suru deshoo.
     Okane ga nakunareba, kaette kuru deshoo.
     Nihongo ga muzukashikereba, yameru deshoo.
     Yasukereba, katte mo ii desu ne.
     Shizuka na heya nara, kariru ka mo shiremasen.

  2) Hypothetical:
     (Moshi) kanojo ga konakereba, watashitachi mo kaerimashoo.
     (Moshi) haru ni daigaku o sotsugyoo-dekireba, natsu ryokoo-shimasu.
     (Moshi) shigoto ga nakereba, daigakuin ni iku tsumori desu.
     (Moshi) dare mo ikitakunakereba, watashi ga ikimasu.

  3) Subjunctive: wishful
     Shiken ga yasashikereba ii n desu ga.
     Ame ga furanakereba ii desu nee.
     Irasshite kudasareba ureshii n desu ga.
     Oshiete itadakereba arigatai n desu ga.

(cf.)Nihon ni | ikeba, tomodachi ni aemasu.
              | ittara, tomodachi ni atte kudasai.

OBLIGATION: 'must/have to/not have to'

  1. -nakereba[nakerya] naranai/ikenai
     Kyoo wa takusan shigoto o shinakereba narimasen.
     San-ji made ni kaeranakereba narimasen.
     Kanji o go-juu mo oboenakereba narimasen deshita.
     Shukudai wa itsu made ni dasanakereba ikemasen ka?

  2. -nakute wa[nakucha] ikenai/naranai
     Zenbu oboenakute wa ikenai n desu ka?
     Jisho o kawanakute wa ikemasen ka?
     Mainichi sukoshi zutsu benkyoo-shinakucha ikenai yo.
     Kyoo doo-shite-mo ikanakucha naranai no?

  3. -nakute mo ii
     Sugu kaesanakute mo ii desu yo.
     Kyoo ginkoo ni ikanakute mo ii desu ka?
     Ashita wa konakute mo kekkoo desu.
     Kinoo wa hatarakanakute mo yokatta no ni.

          N.B.  ??(Anata wa) konakereba narimasen.
                ??(Anata wa) konakute wa ikemasen.

THE MORE X, THE MORE Y: X - BA X HODO, Y

     Atama wa tsukaeba tsukau hodo, yoku naru soo desu.
     Okane wa areba aru hodo, tsukatte shimau.
     Yasukereba yasui hodo ii.
     Apaato wa shizuka nara shizuka na hodo ii desu.
     Kanji wa benkyoo-sureba suru hodo, wasureru yoo desu.

DECISION/CHOICE MAKING: N/V KOTO ni suru

     Tenpura ni shimashoo.
     Gaikokugo wa Nihongo ni shimashita.
     Natsu Chuugoku e iku koto ni shimashita.
     Rainen kara Doitsugo o benkyoo-suru koto ni shimasu.
     Tsukarete ita node, nomi ni ikanai koto ni shimashita.

CONCESSIVE/WITH RESERVATION: X KOTO wa X ga, Y

     Aru koto wa arimasu ga, furui desu yo.
     Nai koto wa nai n desu ga, amari yoku arimasen yo.
     Ano hen wa benri na koto wa benri na n desu ga, chotto takakute nee.
     Tomodachi ni hanasu koto wa hanashita n desu ga, henji wa mada desu.
     Ikitai koto wa ikitai n desu ga, nakanaka jikan ga nakute ikenai n desu.

Abstract Noun: MONO

 1.  Structure: S-ta MONO da

 2.  Usage:     past habitual action/frequent event/general state of affairs

 3.  Meaning:   'used to' [things were such that ...]

     Wakai toki wa yoku ryokoo-shita mono desu ga, konogoro wa doko e mo ikimasen.
     Mukashi wa yoku chichi to yakyuu o shita mono desu.
     Mae wa yoku okyaku ga atta mono desu ga, ima wa dare mo konaku narimashita.

'CONCERNING/REGARDING/ABOUT': X ni tsuite (wa/mo/no)

     Kono mondai ni tsuite doo omoimasu ka?
     Sore ni tsuite moo sukoshi setsumee-shite kudasai.
     Kyoo wa nani ni tsuite hanashimashoo ka.
     Nihon ni tsuite no hon wa koko ni arimasu.
     Kore ni tsuite wa mata yukkuri kangaemashoo.