JP2000 Lecture 31

FACTIVE abstract noun KOTO

1. Structure: S | ru | KOTO |   ga aru/nai
                | ta |      |
                            |  o | shitte imasu (ka?)
                                 | kikimashita  (ka?)
                                 | oboete imasu (ka?)
                                 |      -
                                        -
                                        -
2. Meaning:   Fact

3. Usage:     S -ru   KOTO  ga aru/nai    'Sometimes S'
                -ta                       'have -ed' [experience]
              S  KOTO  o  V {factive}     '(the fact) that S'

4. Example:

     Kuni ni kaeru koto ga arimasu ka?
     Tabako o suu koto wa arimasen.
     Basu de kaeru koto mo arimasu.
     Doitsugo o naratta koto ga arimasu ka?
     Mada Nihon e itta koto wa arimasen.
     Hitoban-juu nenaide benkyoo-shita koto mo arimasu.
     Tomu-san ga Amerika de kootsuu-jiko ni atta koto o kikimashita ka?
     Anata ga kuru koto wa shirimasen deshita.

N.B.  S koto ga aru       'the fact that S exists'
      S koto ga dekiru    'the fact that S is possible'

Temporal Connectives MAE/ATO 'before/after'

1. Structure:  
     S1 -ru  MAE (ni)(wa)  S2  'before S1, S2'
        -ta  ATO (de)          'after  S1, S2'

2. Meaning:     MAE ni [more specific time]
                    wa [topic]
                ATO de [more specific time]
                ATO    [discontinuous] 
     cf.   -TE KARA    [continuous/sequential]

3. Usage:           
     MAE requires -ru [imperfective aspect]{S1 not completed before S2}.
     ATO requires -ta [perfective aspect]  {S1 completed before S2}.

4. Example:
     Daigaku ni kuru mae ni hirugohan o tabemashita.
     Dekakeru mae ni denwa o shite okimashoo.
     Kanada ni kuru mae, Oosutoraria ni sunde imashita.
     Kono kaisha ni hairu mae wa, ginkoo ni tsutomete imashita.
     Shokuji o shita ato, eega o mimashita.
     Sake o nonda ato de biiru o nonda node, atama ga itaku narimashita.
     CN-tawaa o mita ato, nani o shitai desu ka?

Temporal Connectives AIDA/NAGARA 'while, during'

1. Structure:  
     S1  -te iru AIDA (ni)(wa)  S2   'while S1, S2'
     Topic  Vn1-NAGARA, Vn2          'Topic while V1, V2'

2. Meaning  :  
     S1   AIDA     S2       [S1, S2  simultaneous events]
          AIDA ni           [within S1, S2]
          NAGARA            [same person doing two things simultaneously]

3. Usage   : AIDA tends to require -te iru [progressive aspect].

4. Example  :

     Watashi ga nete iru aida, denwa o kotowatte kudasai.
     Kodomo ga asonde iru aida ni sentaku o sumasete shimaimashoo.
     Daigaku de benkyoo-shite iru aida wa doko e mo asobi ni ikemasen  deshita. 
     Heya o katazukeru aida, chotto matte ite kudasai.
     Otooto wa itsumo terebi o mi-nagara gohan o taberu.
     Ongaku o kiki-nagara benkyoo-dekimasu ka?
     Kinoo wa sake o nomi-nagara tomodachi to hanashimashita.

NADO/NANKA 'etc./such as/so forth'

1. Structure:    
        NP1 ya NP2 ya NP3 NADO/NANKA
        NP NADO

2. Meaning  :    
        NP1, NP2, NP3, etc.
        [   ] like NP      

3. Usage   :   
        NP NADO tends to be followed by an emotionally negative/humble statement.

4. Example  :

     Toshokan ni wa shoosetsu ya kyookasho ya jisho nado ga arimasu.
     Sochira ga yoku nakereba, kore nado/nanka wa doo deshoo.
     Watashi nado/nanka wa Eego mo yoku kakenai kara, komarimasu.
     Konna shigoto nado/nanka watashi ni wa dekimasen yo.
     Uchi no ko nanka atama ga warukute dame desu wa.

-KATA 'way to'

1. Structure :  Vn + KATA

2. Meaning :    the way/how to V

3. Example :    
        tabe-kata, yomi-kata, hanashi-kata, kaki-kata ...

Suffix for ORDINAL NUMBERS -ME

ichi-ban-me, ni-ban-me, san-ban-me, ..., nan-ban-me
hitotsu-me, futatsu-me, mittsu-me, ..., ikutsu-me
ichi-nen-me, ni-nen-me, san-nen-me, ..., nan-nen-me
ichi-nichi-me, futsuka-me, mikka-me, ..., nan-nichi-me
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